Lyme bacteria survive 28-day course of antibiotics months after infection.

Lyme bacteria survive 28-day course of antibiotics months after infection.Lyme bacteria can survive a 28-day course of antibiotic treatment four months following infection by tick bite, according to a new study using a primate model for the disease. Despite testing negative for Lyme disease, some subjects were infected with Lyme bacteria in heart, brain and other organs. Based on a single, extensive study of Lyme disease designed by Tulane University researchers, the study employed multiple methods to evaluate the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes, the bacteria that cause Lyme disease, before and after antibiotic treatment in primates. The study also measured the antibody immune response to the bacteria both pre- and post- treatment, as this is how current diagnostics typically evaluate Lyme disease in humans. The data show that living B. burgdorferi spirochetes were found in ticks that fed upon the primates and in multiple organs after treatment with 28 days of oral doxycycline. The results also indicated that the immune response to the bacteria varied widely in both treated and untreated subjects. "It is apparent from these data that B. burgdorferi bacteria, which have had time to adapt to their host, have the ability to escape immune recognition,tolerate the antibiotic doxycycline and invade vital organs such as the brain and heart," said lead author Monica Embers, PhD, assistant professor of microbiology and immunology at Tulane University School of Medicine.

PIG HEART TRANSPLANT FOR BABOON .

Scientists have kept a pig heart alive in a baboon for more than two years, the work described in the journal Nature Communications.The result could boost hopes for the successful transplantation of animal organs into people, amid a shortage of human donors. Cross-species transplants provoke a powerful immune reaction, leading to rejection of the organ by the host. The a US-German team used a combination of gene modification and immune-suppressing drugs to achieve success. This is very significant because it makes the method one step closer to using these organs in humans . Muhammad Mohiuddin, from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in Maryland, told the AFP news agency. "Xeno transplants - organ transplants between different species - could potentially save thousands of lives each year that are lost due to a shortage of human organs for transplantation." Dr Mohiuddin and colleagues used a previously established line of donor pigs with three genetic modifications that allowed for a degree of immune tolerance in recipient baboons. A combination of antibodies and drugs were then used to help prevent rejection of pig hearts transplanted into five baboons. The hearts did not replace those of the monkeys, but were connected to the circulatory system via two large blood vessels in the baboon abdomen. The transplanted heart beat like a normal heart, but the baboon's own heart continued the function of pumping blood - a known method in studying organ rejection. The median (or "middle") survival time was 298 days, while the maximum survival was 945 days - just over two-and-a-half years. This exceeded previous records by the same group of researchers of 180 and 500 days, respectively. Given their genetic proximity to humans, primates were initially thought to be the best donor candidates. But there is no large source of captive-bred apes - which take long to grow and mature, and some, like chimpanzees, are endangered. Their genetic closeness also poses a higher danger of inter-species disease transmission, as well as ethical questions. Pigs have since emerged as better donors as their hearts are anatomically similar to ours. They pose a lower risk in terms of disease transmission and they mature fast. The team opines that this regimen appears potentially safe for human application for patients suffering from end-stage organ failure who might be candidates for initial trials of xeno transplantation. source; wired.co.uk